Resources & Downloads
We know how much your pet means to you, and navigating their eye care shouldn’t feel overwhelming. At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to guide you with expert advice and easy-to-use resources designed to answer your questions and support your pet’s health.
From understanding your pet’s condition to preparing for their appointment, these downloads and tools are here to help you feel informed and confident in every step of their care journey.
We’ve created straightforward resources to help you better understand their condition and what to expect. Whether you’re learning about cataracts or adjusting to life with a blind pet, these guides provide practical advice for every step of the journey.
Coping with Vision Loss in Your Pet
When your pet experiences vision loss, it can feel overwhelming for the entire family. It’s natural to worry about how this change will affect their quality of life and your bond. The good news is that blindness isn’t the end—it’s a new chapter, full of opportunities to help your pet adapt and thrive.
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to guide you through this journey with practical tips and tools to support your pet’s transition to their new normal. With a little patience and creativity, you’ll discover new ways to connect and build confidence together.
Practical Tips for Helping Your Blind Pet
Announce Your Presence Use gentle sounds like clapping, whistling, or wearing small bells to let your pet know you’re nearby.
Use Verbal Cues Teach commands like “up,” “down,” or “careful” to help your pet navigate obstacles. For blind and deaf pets, consider vibration-based training tools.
Scent Mapping Add distinct scents (perfumes or essential oils) to furniture or key areas to help your pet “map” their environment. Outdoors, use fragrant plants or mulch to guide them through the garden.
Playtime and Toys Encourage play with toys that engage other senses, like noisy balls, toys with bells, or treat-dispensing puzzles.
Training Aids Tools like a blind dog collar or hoop can help alert your pet to obstacles in unfamiliar environments.
Safety First Block off pools, cliffs, or areas with sudden drop-offs. Keep food and water bowls in a consistent spot, and use textured mats to help your pet identify their location.
Create Safe Spaces Provide designated beds or mats with a unique texture to signal a safe place for rest and orientation.
Navigate Stairs with Care Use textured mats at stair edges or consider installing a ramp if stairs are too challenging.
Build Walking Confidence Stick to a couple of familiar walking routes. As your pet learns the paths, their confidence will grow.
Consider a Companion A sighted dog companion can provide guidance and comfort, but ensure it’s the right fit for your family and your pet’s personality. You can also arrange for a friend’s dog to visit regularly.
Patience Is Key
Remember, this is a time of adjustment for your pet too. Be patient, offer reassurance, and celebrate small victories as they learn to navigate their world. You’re not alone in this journey—our team is here to support you every step of the way.
Understanding Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA)
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is a group of inherited diseases that gradually cause vision loss in dogs due to the degeneration of the retina. This condition is more common in certain breeds, including Cocker Spaniels, Poodles, Australian Cattle Dogs, Silky Terriers, and Labradors.
Our goal is to help you understand PRA so you can make informed decisions for your pet and provide the best possible care during this journey.
Signs and Symptoms
PRA progresses slowly, with vision loss occurring over months or years:
Early signs: Difficulty seeing in dim light (night vision), reluctance to go outside at night, or bumping into objects in low light. Owners may also notice an increased green reflection in their pet's eyes under artificial light.
Later stages: Gradual loss of day vision and the development of cataracts (visible as white opacities in the pupil). Cataracts worsen vision loss by blocking light from reaching the retina.
Unfortunately, because the vision loss is so gradual, many owners don’t notice a problem until the blindness is severe.
Diagnosis
Early detection is crucial. PRA can be diagnosed using:
A thorough clinical eye examination.
Chromatic PLR (Pupillary Light Reflex) testing.
Electroretinogram (ERG) to assess retinal function.
Treatment
At this time, there is no treatment to reverse or halt PRA. However, management focuses on preventing complications associated with cataracts, such as:
Uveitis (inflammation of the iris): Treated with cortisone drops to prevent further issues.
Glaucoma (high pressure in the eye): Early treatment can help reduce discomfort and maintain eye health.
While cataract removal is an option for other conditions, it is not effective for restoring vision in dogs with PRA.
Prevention and Genetic Testing
Because PRA is an inherited condition, understanding your dog’s genetics is vital:
If PRA is identified, related dogs should be examined for the condition.
PRA is typically inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, meaning both parents must carry the gene for it to be passed on.
DNA blood tests are available to identify affected dogs and carriers, helping breeders make informed decisions to reduce the spread of PRA in future generations.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to guide you through every step—offering expert diagnosis, management advice, and support. With proactive care and understanding, your dog can continue to lead a happy and fulfilling life.
Understanding Lens Luxation in Dogs
Lens luxation occurs when the lens, which is normally held in place behind the iris and pupil by tiny fibers called zonules, moves out of its proper position. This condition can cause significant discomfort and vision problems, requiring prompt attention and treatment.
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to help you understand lens luxation, its causes, and the treatment options available to support your pet’s eye health.
What Is Lens Luxation?
There are two types of lens luxation:
Subluxation: The lens is partially displaced but still held in place by some zonules.
Complete Luxation: The lens is entirely displaced because all the zonules have broken.
Causes of Lens Luxation
Lens luxation can be classified into two categories based on the cause:
Primary Lens Luxation:
Commonly seen in breeds such as Jack Russell Terriers, Miniature Fox Terriers, Tenterfield Terriers, and Cattle Dogs.
Caused by genetic defects that weaken the zonules over time.
Trauma can also cause lens luxation, though it’s rarely the sole cause.
Secondary Lens Luxation:
Occurs as a result of other eye conditions, such as:
Glaucoma: Elevated pressure inside the eye weakens the zonules.
Uveitis: Inflammation inside the eye damages the zonules.
A luxated lens can also lead to secondary complications, including glaucoma.
Signs of Lens Luxation
If your dog has lens luxation, you may notice:
Sudden vision loss.
Pain or discomfort in the eye.
Redness or swelling.
A visible shift in the lens position.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the severity of the condition, the position of the lens, and the overall health of the eye:
Medications:
If the lens is loose but still behind the iris, special prescription drops can constrict the pupil and hold the lens in place.
These drops must be used for life, as missing a dose can cause the lens to slip back into the front chamber.
Surgical Intervention:
Lens Removal (Lensectomy):
Performed under general anesthesia using an operating microscope.
The lens is removed through a small incision in the eye using specialized tools.
While up-close vision may be fuzzy without a lens, most dogs maintain good general vision.
Lens Repositioning:
In some cases, the lens can be carefully moved back behind the iris and stabilized with medication.
Risks and Prognosis
Unfortunately, even with prompt treatment, some eyes affected by lens luxation may become blind or require removal due to uncontrollable pain. Early intervention and proper management can improve the chances of preserving vision and comfort.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we specialise in diagnosing and treating complex eye conditions like lens luxation. If you notice signs of vision changes or discomfort in your dog, contact us immediately. Our team is here to guide you through the best treatment options and provide compassionate care for your pet.
Understanding Glaucoma in Pets
Glaucoma is a serious eye condition caused by an increase in pressure inside the eye, often leading to vision loss and significant pain. This is a true ophthalmic emergency—prompt treatment is critical to preserving your pet’s comfort and vision.
At Animal Eye Services, we understand how alarming glaucoma can be. We’re here to help you recognize the signs, understand the condition, and navigate the treatment options.
Signs of Glaucoma
Glaucoma can manifest through a range of symptoms. If you notice any of the following, seek veterinary care immediately:
Redness in the eye
A cloudy appearance in the eye
Tearing or excessive discharge
Vision loss
An enlarged eyeball
Unusual aggression or irritability
Lethargy or lack of energy
Loss of appetite
What Causes Glaucoma?
Glaucoma occurs when the eye's fluid (produced behind the pupil in the ciliary body) cannot drain properly through the natural pathway between the cornea and iris. This leads to a dangerous buildup of pressure.
Think of it like a kitchen sink: if the drain is clear, water flows through without issue. But if the drain is blocked and water keeps running, the sink overflows. Similarly, when the fluid in the eye can't drain, pressure builds up, causing damage to the eye structures.
Types of Glaucoma:
Primary Glaucoma: Occurs without any underlying disease.
Secondary Glaucoma: Caused by conditions like inflammation, trauma, or tumors that obstruct fluid drainage.
Why Prompt Treatment Matters
Glaucoma is an emergency. If the pressure in the eye remains elevated for even a few hours, permanent vision loss can occur. Early detection and immediate intervention are key to minimizing damage and relieving your pet’s pain.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the severity of the glaucoma, whether vision can still be preserved, and factors like your pet’s overall health and your family’s circumstances. Options may include:
Medical Management: Medications to lower eye pressure.
Laser Surgery: Helps reduce fluid production or improve drainage.
Surgical Drainage Tubes: Implanted to assist with fluid outflow.
Removal of a Blind, Painful Eye: Improves comfort when vision cannot be saved.
Cosmetic Prosthesis: Provides an aesthetic solution if the eye needs removal.
Each treatment has pros and cons, and the best course of action will be tailored to your pet's specific needs. During your consultation, we’ll discuss all options to help you make an informed decision.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to support you through every step of diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care. If you suspect glaucoma, contact us immediately—your pet’s comfort and vision depend on timely action.
Understanding Uveitis in Pets
Uveitis is a condition involving inflammation of the uveal tract, the part of the eye that contains blood vessels. This inflammation can cause discomfort, cloudiness, and even vision loss in severe cases. At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to help you understand this condition, its potential causes, and how it can be treated to protect your pet’s eye health.
What Is the Uveal Tract?
The uveal tract lines the inside of the eye and has three main parts:
Iris: The colored part at the front of the eye.
Ciliary Body: A specialized part that produces fluid inside the eye.
Choroid: A structure under the retina at the back of the eye.
Because the uveal tract contains blood vessels, inflammation can cause blood cells and debris to leak into the eye’s fluid-filled chambers, leading to visible changes and, in severe cases, vision loss.
Signs of Uveitis
If your pet has uveitis, you might notice:
Cloudiness in the cornea.
Redness around the edge of the eye.
Excessive tearing or watery eyes.
Squinting or sensitivity to light.
Bleeding into the eye.
Vision loss.
Causes of Uveitis
Uveitis can have a variety of underlying causes, which will be thoroughly assessed during your pet’s consultation. Common causes include infections, trauma, immune-mediated conditions, and other systemic diseases.
Why Uveitis Needs Prompt Attention
Severe uveitis can lead to serious complications that threaten your pet’s vision, including:
Cataracts: Cloudiness of the lens.
Adhesions: The iris sticking to the lens or cornea.
Retinal Disease: Damage to the retina.
Glaucoma: Increased pressure in the eye.
Treatment for Uveitis
Treatment focuses on:
Reducing inflammation: Using medications to manage swelling and discomfort.
Preventing complications: Protecting against long-term damage to the eye.
Every pet’s treatment plan is tailored to their specific condition, based on the severity of the uveitis and its underlying cause.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we’re committed to preserving your pet’s vision and comfort. If you notice any of the signs of uveitis, don’t delay—schedule a consultation so we can determine the best course of action for your pet’s care.
Understanding Dry Eye in Pets
A healthy cornea and conjunctiva—the clear structures at the front of the eye—depend on a balanced and functioning tear film. When this tear film is disrupted, your pet may develop dry eye, a condition that causes discomfort, redness, and even vision loss if left untreated.
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to help you understand the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for dry eye, ensuring your pet’s comfort and eye health.
What Is the Tear Film?
The tear film is made up of three essential layers:
Lipid Layer: The outermost layer, produced by Meibomian glands in the eyelids, prevents tear evaporation.
Aqueous Layer: The watery middle layer makes up 95% of the tear film and is produced by the lacrimal gland behind the upper eyelid.
Mucous Layer: The innermost layer helps the tear film adhere to the surface of the cornea.
When one or more of these layers is compromised, the eye can’t stay properly hydrated, leading to dry eye.
Causes of Dry Eye
Dry eye has many potential causes, including:
Congenital disorders: Common in puppies.
Infections: Such as canine distemper virus.
Medications: Especially sulfa antibiotics.
Surgical removal of the third eyelid gland: Known as “cherry eye.”
Autoimmune disease: The most common cause, where the immune system attacks the lacrimal gland, reducing tear production.
Certain breeds are predisposed to dry eye, including Cocker Spaniels, Shih Tzus, Lhasa Apsos, Bulldogs, Schnauzers, and West Highland White Terriers.
Signs of Dry Eye
If your pet has dry eye, you may notice:
Heavy mucus or discharge.
Redness in the eyes.
Rubbing or pawing at the eyes.
Cloudy appearance in the eyes.
Corneal ulcers.
General lethargy or discomfort.
Without treatment, prolonged dryness can lead to scar tissue and blood vessel growth on the cornea, potentially causing blindness. Many dogs with dry eye have a history of being treated repeatedly for “conjunctivitis” without realizing the underlying cause.
Treatment Goals
Managing dry eye focuses on:
Stimulating Tear Production: Medications like Cyclosporine or Tacrolimus reduce immune system attacks on the lacrimal gland and help restore natural tear production.
Lubricating the Eyes: Keeping the eyes moisturized to reduce discomfort.
Reducing Scar Tissue: Preserving your pet’s vision.
It’s important to understand that dry eye requires ongoing management. Missing doses of medication or running out can quickly lead to a recurrence of symptoms.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we’ll create a tailored treatment plan for your pet, monitor their progress, and ensure their eyes stay as healthy and comfortable as possible. If you suspect your pet has dry eye, schedule a consultation today to prevent further discomfort and protect their vision.
Information For Veterinarians
Understanding Cherry Eye in Dogs
Cherry eye occurs when the tear gland of the third eyelid slips out of its normal position, creating a visible reddish mass in your dog’s eye. While it might look alarming, cherry eye itself is rarely painful. However, prompt treatment is essential to prevent irritation, infection, or long-term complications.
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to help you understand cherry eye, its effects, and how it can be treated to protect your dog’s eye health.
What Is Cherry Eye?
The third eyelid contains a tear gland that helps maintain normal tear production. When this gland prolapses, or pops out of position, it becomes visible as a red, swollen mass near the corner of your dog’s eye.
Cherry eye is most common in young dogs and certain breeds, including:
Cocker Spaniels
Lhasa Apsos
Shih Tzus
Poodles
Bulldogs
Why Treatment Is Important
Although cherry eye may not cause immediate pain, leaving it untreated can lead to:
Irritation or Inflammation: Prolonged exposure increases the risk of swelling and discomfort.
Bleeding or Infection: If your dog rubs at their eye, the gland may bleed or become infected.
Tear Gland Dysfunction: Long-term exposure can impair the gland’s ability to produce tears, increasing the risk of developing Dry Eye Syndrome later in life.
How Is Cherry Eye Treated?
The best treatment for cherry eye is surgical replacement of the tear gland, a procedure that preserves its function. Removing the gland, an outdated approach, is no longer recommended because it increases the risk of Dry Eye Syndrome—a chronic condition that requires lifelong medication.
The Pocket Technique
The preferred surgical method is called the pocket technique, which involves:
Creating a small pocket on the back surface of the third eyelid.
Gently tucking the tear gland into the pocket.
Suturing the pocket closed to secure the gland in its proper position.
In some cases, dogs may have underlying cartilage abnormalities in the third eyelid, making it challenging to achieve a completely normal appearance after surgery. However, the focus remains on preserving the gland’s function to maintain long-term eye health.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we specialise in diagnosing and treating conditions like cherry eye to protect your pet’s vision and comfort. If you suspect cherry eye in your dog, contact us for a consultation. Early intervention ensures the best outcome for your pet’s health and happiness.
Understanding Distichiasis in Dogs
Distichiasis is a condition where abnormal eyelashes grow from the meibomian glands in the eyelids. These glands are not meant to produce hairs, and when they do, the extra eyelashes can rub against the eye, causing irritation and discomfort.
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to help you understand distichiasis, its symptoms, and how it can be managed to ensure your pet’s comfort and eye health.
What Causes Distichiasis?
Distichiasis often runs in genetic lines and is most commonly seen in breeds such as:
Staffordshire Bull Terriers
American Cocker Spaniels
Shih Tzus
Tibetan Spaniels
Poodles
Signs of Distichiasis
If your dog has distichiasis, you may notice:
Redness in the eyes
Squinting or sensitivity to light
Discharge from the eyes
Rubbing or pawing at the eyes
In some cases, the abnormal hairs can lead to more serious issues like corneal ulcers or erosions, where the hairs damage the surface of the eye.
Diagnosing and Treating Distichiasis
The severity of distichiasis varies from dog to dog:
Mild Cases: Some pets live comfortably with minimal or no symptoms.
Moderate to Severe Cases: Pets experiencing persistent irritation or ulcers may require treatment.
Temporary Relief
Abnormal hairs can be plucked during an exam to provide short-term relief, but these lashes typically grow back.
Topical ointments may be used to lubricate and protect the eye.
Cryosurgery for Long-Term Management
If symptoms persist, cryosurgery is an effective treatment option. This procedure uses a liquid nitrogen or nitrous oxide probe to freeze and destroy the hair-producing cells in the affected glands.
Benefits: Prevents regrowth of the treated hairs.
Considerations: With approximately 60 glands along each eyelid, new abnormal hairs can potentially emerge in untreated areas. While cryosurgery addresses the immediate problem, follow-up may be needed if new distichia develop.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we tailor our approach to meet the unique needs of each pet. Whether your dog requires medical management, cryosurgery, or ongoing monitoring, we’re here to ensure they receive the best care possible.
If your dog is showing signs of eye irritation, contact us to schedule a consultation. Early intervention can make a big difference in protecting your pet’s comfort and vision.
Understanding Entropion in Dogs
Entropion is a condition where the eyelid rolls inward, causing the eyelashes and outer lid to rub against the eye's surface. This can lead to discomfort, irritation, and in some cases, more severe damage like corneal ulcers.
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to help you understand entropion, its impact on your pet, and how surgical correction can restore their comfort and vision.
What Causes Entropion?
Entropion is most commonly seen in breeds with specific head and facial conformation, including:
Shar Peis
Chow Chows
Bulldogs
Retrievers
Rottweilers
Mastiffs
Although the exact genetic cause isn’t always known, entropion is believed to be influenced by multiple genes. For this reason, dogs affected by entropion should not be bred, as the condition can be passed to their offspring.
Signs of Entropion
If your dog has entropion, you may notice:
Squinting: A sign of eye discomfort.
Excessive tearing: Due to irritation.
Rubbing at the eyes: Attempting to relieve discomfort.
In severe cases, entropion can cause corneal ulcers, further compromising your dog’s eye health.
Treatment for Entropion
The best solution for entropion is surgical correction, which involves:
Removing a small amount of skin and muscle along the eyelid margin.
Reshaping the eyelid to prevent it from rolling inward.
Closing the incision with tiny absorbable sutures, leaving no visible scar.
This procedure not only improves your dog’s comfort but also restores the eyelid’s normal appearance.
Timing of Surgery
Permanent surgery is typically performed after the dog reaches 10 months of age, once growth has stabilized.
In rare cases, additional surgery may be needed as your dog matures, but 95% of patients require only one procedure.
What to Know After Surgery
Following surgery, your dog should no longer experience discomfort or irritation. However, because entropion is considered a genetic condition, dogs who have had surgery should not be shown or bred.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, our experienced team specialises in diagnosing and correcting entropion to ensure your pet’s comfort and long-term eye health. If you suspect your dog has entropion, schedule a consultation today to discuss the best path forward.
Eye Problems in Flat-Nosed Dogs
Flat-nosed breeds like Pugs, Pekingese, and Shih Tzus are prone to various eye conditions due to their unique facial structure. Their eyes sit prominently on the skull without the deep protective bony socket seen in other breeds. This conformation increases the risk of eye irritation, injury, and disease.
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to help you understand these challenges and provide solutions to protect your pet’s eye health.
Common Eye Problems in Flat-Nosed Dogs
Medial Lower Eyelid Entropion
The inward rolling of the lower eyelid causes hairs to rub against the cornea.
This leads to chronic irritation and the development of a pigmented film over the cornea.
Oversized Eyelid Circumference
Flat-nosed dogs often have larger eyelid openings compared to their cornea size.
This increases the risk of globe proptosis (prolapse of the eyeball), a traumatic condition where the eyeball is forced out of the socket, potentially causing muscle damage or tearing of the optic nerve and leading to permanent blindness.
Incomplete Eyelid Closure
Many flat-nosed dogs cannot fully close their eyelids, especially during sleep.
This exposes the cornea to dryness and secondary corneal diseases.
How We Can Help
The best way to prevent long-term eye problems in flat-nosed breeds is through a surgical procedure called permanent medial canthorrhaphy.
What Is a Permanent Medial Canthorrhaphy?
This procedure addresses multiple issues by:
Removing a small section of the upper and lower eyelids at the inner corner of the eyes.
Suturing the eyelids together to:
Reduce the eyelid margin circumference.
Correct medial lower eyelid entropion.
The result is a more protected and stable eye, reducing the risk of irritation, injury, and complications associated with brachycephalic conformation.
Protecting Your Pet’s Vision
Flat-nosed dogs bring joy and companionship, but their unique facial structure requires extra care to maintain their eye health. At Animal Eye Services, we specialise in diagnosing and treating these issues to ensure your pet stays comfortable and healthy.
If you have a flat-nosed dog showing signs of eye discomfort, or you’d like to discuss preventative care, contact us to schedule a consultation. Together, we can safeguard your pet’s vision and quality of life.
Understanding Hypertensive Retinopathy in Cats
Hypertensive retinopathy is a serious condition where high blood pressure (hypertension) leads to retinal detachments or retinal hemorrhages, often causing sudden blindness. This condition is most commonly seen in elderly cats and requires prompt attention to address both the eye and underlying health issues.
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to guide you through understanding and managing this condition to give your pet the best chance for a healthy outcome.
What Is Hypertensive Retinopathy?
The retina is a delicate structure at the back of the eye responsible for detecting light and sending visual signals to the brain. Normally, it lies flat against the eye's interior.
In hypertensive retinopathy:
Retinal Detachment: High blood pressure causes the retina to separate from its normal position, leading to sudden blindness.
Retinal Hemorrhages: Bleeding from small blood vessels in the retina can further impair vision.
If diagnosed quickly, reattaching the retina may restore vision. However, because feline retinas degenerate rapidly, the prognosis for vision is often poor if treatment is delayed.
Causes of Hypertension in Pets
Unlike humans, high blood pressure in cats and dogs isn’t caused by diet. Instead, hypertension is usually secondary to other health conditions, such as:
Kidney disease
Heart disease
Cushing’s disease
Thyroid disease
Signs of Hypertensive Retinopathy
If your cat shows any of the following signs, seek veterinary attention immediately:
Sudden blindness or loss of vision
Behavioral changes, such as bumping into objects
Dilated pupils or abnormal eye appearance
Treatment for Hypertensive Retinopathy
Managing hypertensive retinopathy focuses on two key goals:
Controlling Hypertension: Medications are used to lower blood pressure and reduce further damage.
Addressing Underlying Conditions: A thorough investigation will identify and manage the disease causing your pet’s high blood pressure.
While retinal reattachment is sometimes possible, the speed of intervention is critical to preserving vision.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we specialise in diagnosing and managing eye conditions like hypertensive retinopathy. We also work closely with your primary veterinarian to address underlying health issues contributing to hypertension.
If you notice sudden changes in your cat’s vision or suspect high blood pressure, contact us immediately. Together, we can provide the care your pet needs to improve their comfort and quality of life.
Understanding Corneal Endothelial Disease in Dogs
Corneal endothelial disease is a condition where excess fluid (oedema) accumulates in the cornea, leading to discomfort, vision impairment, and potentially painful ulcers. Understanding the anatomy and function of the cornea can help explain why this happens and how it affects your dog.
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to guide you through this complex condition and provide tailored solutions for your pet’s eye health.
The Cornea: A Quick Overview
The cornea has three main layers, each playing a crucial role in maintaining clarity and vision:
Epithelium: The outer protective layer, making up 10% of corneal thickness.
Stroma: The middle layer, the thickest part of the cornea, composed of collagen and osmotically active substances that regulate water content.
Endothelium: The innermost layer, a single layer of hexagonal cells with pumps that move excess water out of the stroma.
Unlike other layers, endothelial cells cannot regenerate. Once damaged or reduced below a critical density, they lose their ability to remove water, leading to corneal oedema and opacity.
Signs and Effects of Corneal Endothelial Disease
As the endothelium loses function, water accumulates in the cornea, causing:
A bluish-white opacity.
Light distortion and vision impairment.
Chronic superficial ulcers if the fluid breaks through the outer epithelium, leading to pain and discomfort.
Causes of Corneal Endothelial Disease
The disease can develop due to:
Age-related degeneration: Natural loss of endothelial cells over time.
Breed predisposition: Breeds like Boston Terriers, Chihuahuas, and Springer Spaniels are more prone to early-onset endothelial dysfunction.
Inflammation: Damage from inflammatory cells or proteins inside the eye.
Glaucoma: High pressure inside the eye damaging the endothelial cells.
Treatment Options
Corneal endothelial disease is challenging to treat as damaged endothelial cells cannot be replaced. While emerging techniques like endothelial grafts are being explored, they are not yet widely available. Current management focuses on:
Stabilising with Medication
Drugs may reduce oedema and slow disease progression, though they cannot restore normal endothelial function.
Advanced Procedures for Severe Cases
Thermal Keratoplasty: Tiny burns are applied to the stroma to create scars that reduce water retention.
Gundersen Flap: A thin conjunctival layer is grafted onto the cornea to help remove excess water via its blood vessels.
While these procedures can improve comfort and functionality, they do not restore the cornea to full clarity.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, our veterinary ophthalmologists specialize in diagnosing and managing complex conditions like corneal endothelial disease. We’ll assess your dog’s specific case and discuss the best options to preserve their comfort and vision.
If your dog is showing signs of corneal opacity or discomfort, contact us for a consultation. Early intervention can make a meaningful difference in managing this condition.
Understanding SCCEDs (Indolent Ulcers) in Dogs
SCCEDs, also known as indolent ulcers, Boxer ulcers, or non-healing ulcers, are superficial defects in the outer layer of the cornea (epithelium) that fail to heal properly. This frustrating and recurring condition can cause discomfort and prolonged healing issues in affected dogs.
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to help you understand SCCEDs and discuss the best treatment options to restore your pet’s comfort and eye health.
What Are SCCEDs?
The cornea has a thin outer layer called the epithelium, which sits on a membrane called the basement membrane. Normally, the epithelium regenerates quickly, with basal cells sliding across the basement membrane and firmly adhering to repair any superficial damage.
In dogs with SCCEDs, this adhesion process is disrupted due to a microscopic defect, preventing the ulcer from healing properly.
Commonly Affected Breeds
While SCCEDs can occur in any dog, certain breeds are predisposed, including:
Boxers
Samoyeds
Welsh Corgis
Staffordshire Bull Terriers
Signs and Symptoms
Dogs with SCCEDs may show:
Persistent or recurring corneal ulcers.
Discomfort or squinting.
Tearing or discharge.
Sensitivity to light.
If untreated, these ulcers can persist for weeks or even months, sometimes appearing to heal only to recur.
Why Don’t SCCEDs Heal Normally?
The issue lies at a microscopic level:
The epithelium fails to adhere to the basement membrane.
Antibiotic ointments alone are ineffective because the condition isn’t caused by bacterial infection.
Traditional treatments like eyelid flaps or simple debridement often don’t resolve the problem.
Treatment Options
To promote healing, the basement membrane must be altered to encourage epithelial adhesion. Depending on your dog’s condition, treatment options include:
Basement Membrane Burring
A simple outpatient procedure that mechanically disrupts the basement membrane to encourage healing.
Grid Keratotomy
A more involved procedure under general anesthesia, where small scratches are made in the cornea to help the epithelium adhere.
Superficial Keratectomy
A surgical procedure to remove the defective epithelial and basement membrane layer, allowing healthy tissue to regenerate.
The goal of treatment is to achieve rapid healing and reduce the risk of recurrence.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we understand how frustrating SCCEDs can be for both you and your dog. Our team will work with you to determine the best treatment plan to resolve this condition and restore your pet’s eye health.
If your dog is showing signs of a non-healing ulcer, contact us today to schedule a consultation. Prompt intervention can make a significant difference in managing this condition effectively.
Eye Certification for Purebred Dogs
At Animal Eye Services, we offer eye certification for purebred dogs, a process designed to ensure the health of your breeding program and protect future generations from genetic eye diseases.
What Is Eye Certification?
Eye certification involves a thorough examination of your dog’s eyes, often after applying drops to dilate the pupils for a detailed view of the eye structures. You’ll receive a comprehensive report outlining:
Any abnormalities found.
Their significance regarding vision.
Whether they are hereditary.
Why Is Eye Certification Important?
Eye certification is crucial for responsible breeders:
Prevention of Genetic Eye Diseases: Identifying hereditary eye conditions helps reduce the risk of breeding dogs with diseases that may cause blindness or pain.
International Standards: Eye certification has been part of breeding programs worldwide for years, including schemes like:
USA: Canine Eye Registry Foundation (CERF).
Europe & Scandinavia: Various national eye certification programs.
Australia: The Australian Canine Eye Scheme (ACES), led by expert panellists like Dr. Bernays, standardizes recognition and reporting of hereditary eye diseases in purebred dogs.
By participating in eye certification, you contribute to the health and well-being of future generations of your breed.
How Does the Certification Process Work?
Before Your Appointment:
Arrive 20 minutes early to allow time for pupil-dilating drops to take effect.
Bring your dog’s microchip number and kennel club registration papers for identification.
The Examination:
A veterinary ophthalmologist will perform a thorough exam, focusing on the back of the eye to detect any abnormalities.
After the Exam:
You’ll receive a detailed report about your dog’s eye health, including any findings relevant to breeding decisions.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, our experienced ophthalmology team is certified to conduct eye examinations and provide reports under the Australian Canine Eye Scheme (ACES). We’re here to ensure accurate, standardised evaluations to help breeders make informed decisions.
For more information about ACES, visit the Australian Veterinary Association’s website or contact us to schedule your certification appointment.
Understanding Genetic and Congenital Eye Diseases in Dogs
Eye diseases in dogs can have various causes, but understanding whether a condition is genetic or congenital can help inform breeding decisions and management strategies. At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to guide you through the complexities of these conditions and their implications.
What Is a Genetic Eye Disease?
A genetic disease, also called “heritable” or “inherited,” is caused by the action of one or more defective genes. Genes serve as biological instructions for creating proteins that play critical roles in the body, such as:
Structural Proteins: Like collagen, which provides support.
Enzymes: Which facilitate essential chemical reactions.
While relatively few eye diseases in dogs are definitively proven to have a genetic cause, there are notable examples:
Retinal Degenerations:
Many retinal degenerations are linked to defective genes.
These genes produce abnormal enzymes involved in converting light into electrical signals.
The result is the death of light receptor cells and progressive retinal degeneration.
Cataracts:
Suspected in many cases to have a genetic basis, though not always proven.
Genetic cataracts are well-documented in certain laboratory animals, and in dogs, cataracts are often assumed to be hereditary unless another cause (e.g., trauma, inflammation, diabetes) is identified.
Entropion and Other Conformational Abnormalities:
While not always directly linked to specific genes, poor conformation inherited through breeding can predispose dogs to conditions like entropion.
Eye certification can help identify and reduce the risk of passing on conformations likely to result in eye diseases.
Breed Predisposition
Some eye diseases are seen more frequently in specific breeds, even if their exact genetic basis is not fully understood. These are described as having a “breed predisposition,” meaning they occur more often in a particular breed than in the general population.
What Is a Congenital Eye Disease?
A congenital disease is one that is present at birth. These conditions may or may not be genetic in origin.
Genetic Congenital Diseases:
These are caused by inherited genetic defects and are present from birth.
Non-Genetic Congenital Diseases:
These occur due to specific developmental disruptions during pregnancy.
The timing of the disruption is critical—had it occurred a few days earlier or later, the defect might not have developed.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we specialize in diagnosing and managing both genetic and congenital eye conditions. Through services like eye certification and breed-specific evaluations, we aim to reduce the risk of inherited conditions and support the health of future generations.
If you’re concerned about your dog’s eye health or are planning a breeding program, contact us to schedule a consultation. Together, we can help safeguard your pet’s vision and the health of their breed.
Understanding Phenotype, Genotype, and Genetic Eye Conditions in Dogs
When evaluating eye conditions in dogs, understanding the roles of phenotype (appearance) and genotype (genetic makeup) is crucial for responsible breeding and health management. At Animal Eye Services, we aim to provide clarity on these concepts and their impact on eye health.
What Are Phenotype and Genotype?
Phenotype: The outward appearance or physical expression of a structure. It can result from genetic influences, environmental factors, or both.
Genotype: The genetic code underlying a structure.
How Do Genes Work?
Genes are located on paired chromosomes within the nucleus of cells. They influence physical traits and health conditions based on their dominant or recessive nature:
Dominant-Recessive Gene Pairs:
Dominant Gene: Often codes for the normal condition.
Recessive Gene: May carry a variant that causes an abnormal condition.
Homozygous vs. Heterozygous:
Homozygous: The same type of gene (either dominant or recessive) is present on both chromosomes of a pair.
Heterozygous (Carrier): One dominant and one recessive gene are present. In this case, the dominant gene masks the recessive gene’s effect, and the abnormal condition isn’t expressed.
Expression of Abnormal Traits:
Abnormal phenotypes typically appear when both genes in the pair are recessive (homozygous recessive).
In rare cases, the dominant gene may cause the defect, and breeding two homozygous recessive animals can prevent the abnormal phenotype.
Advances in Genetic Testing
Recent advances in molecular genetics are revolutionizing our understanding of hereditary eye diseases in dogs. For example:
Retinal Diseases: Many degenerative retinal conditions can now be identified through DNA testing, even in puppies.
Carrier Identification: Testing allows breeders to identify carriers of genetic conditions, improving breeding decisions and reducing the prevalence of inherited diseases.
However, not all ocular abnormalities have identifiable genetic markers, making eye certification by a veterinary ophthalmologist a vital tool for identifying and managing potential hereditary conditions.
Why Eye Certification Matters
Eye certification provides a thorough examination by a qualified veterinary ophthalmologist to:
Identify ocular abnormalities.
Assess their impact on vision and quality of life.
Make informed recommendations on breeding, especially when an abnormality is suspected to have a genetic basis.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we combine advanced knowledge of genetic testing with expert eye examinations to help breeders make informed decisions. Whether you're concerned about a specific condition or planning a breeding program, we’re here to guide you in protecting your dog’s health and the future of the breed.
For more information on common ocular abnormalities and their potential heritability, visit our Information on Eye Diseases section or contact us for a consultation.
Understanding Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Dogs
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is a genetic condition that causes degeneration of the retina, leading to blindness in affected dogs. At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to provide you with the knowledge and tools to navigate this condition, especially if you’re a breeder or caretaker of an at-risk breed.
What Is PRA?
PRA refers to a group of genetic disorders that result in retinal degeneration. While there are many types of PRA, they vary in:
Mode of Inheritance: Most commonly passed on through recessive genes.
Age of Onset: Symptoms often appear in middle-aged dogs, though this can vary.
The most frequently seen type, caused by the progressive rod-cone dysplasia (prcd) gene, leads to:
Night Blindness: Early symptoms often include difficulty seeing in low light.
Complete Blindness: Vision loss progresses over months to years.
Sadly, there is no treatment for PRA.
Breeds at Risk
Certain breeds are more commonly affected by PRA, including:
Miniature and Toy Poodles
Cocker Spaniels
Labrador Retrievers
Golden Retrievers
Australian Cattle Dogs
In some breeds, multiple genes may contribute to PRA, making diagnosis and management more complex.
Advances in PRA Diagnosis
Historically, PRA could only be diagnosed after symptoms appeared, often in middle age. This meant:
Affected dogs might have already been bred, unknowingly propagating the defective gene.
Identifying carriers or affected individuals was nearly impossible before clinical signs appeared.
Recent advancements in DNA testing have transformed our ability to detect PRA:
DNA Blood Tests: These tests can identify affected dogs and carriers before symptoms develop, even in young puppies.
Breed-Specific Tests: While some breeds, like Miniature and Toy Poodles, may have multiple genes associated with PRA, many breeds now have specific tests for the most common genes, like prcd.
Why Early Testing Matters
For breeders, DNA testing is a game-changer:
Informed Breeding Decisions: Avoiding breeding affected dogs or carriers can significantly reduce the prevalence of PRA in future generations.
Health Assurance: Early identification allows pet owners and breeders to manage the condition more effectively, even if there’s no cure.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we stay at the forefront of genetic advancements to help you protect your dog’s vision and support responsible breeding practices. If you suspect PRA in your dog or are looking to test breeding stock, contact us to schedule a consultation.
Understanding Cataracts in Dogs
A cataract is an opacity or cloudiness in the lens of the eye, affecting vision. The lens, located behind the iris and in front of the retina, plays a crucial role in focusing light onto the retina to create clear images. Cataracts can interfere with this process, leading to vision impairment or blindness if left untreated.
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to help breeders understand cataracts, their causes, and how they can impact breeding programs and eye health.
What Causes Cataracts?
Cataracts can have many causes, including:
Genetic: Some cataracts are inherited, especially juvenile cataracts.
Nutritional: Poor diet during early development.
Metabolic: Conditions like diabetes.
Traumatic: Injury to the eye.
Post-Inflammatory: Resulting from inflammation inside the eye.
Drug-Induced: Observed in laboratory animals and suspected in other species, though steroid-induced cataracts are not commonly seen in dogs.
Types of Cataracts
Juvenile Cataracts:
These cataracts occur in young dogs and are commonly seen in specific breeds.
They often mature quickly, causing blindness at an early age.
This type is strongly suspected to be heritable, making early detection and breeding considerations critical.
Nuclear Cataracts:
Found in the centre (nucleus) of the lens, which forms during embryonic development.
Often result from an insult during pregnancy rather than being hereditary.
Frequently associated with other eye abnormalities, such as:
Microphthalmos: Undersized eye.
Retinal Dysplasia: Structural abnormalities in the retina.
Progression and Impact
Not all cataracts lead to complete blindness:
Partial Cataracts: In some cases, only part of the lens is affected, and the condition may not progress over time.
Mature Cataracts: When cataracts fully develop, they cause blindness unless treated with cataract surgery.
For breeders, understanding the hereditary nature of certain cataracts is essential for making informed breeding decisions and reducing the prevalence of cataracts in future generations.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we provide expert diagnosis and guidance for managing cataracts in breeding dogs. Eye certification and thorough examinations can help identify hereditary cataracts and other ocular abnormalities, ensuring responsible breeding practices.
If you suspect cataracts in your dog or want to ensure the health of your breeding program, contact us to schedule a consultation.
Understanding Entropion in Dogs
Entropion is a condition where the eyelid margin rolls inward, causing the eyelashes or skin to irritate the surface of the eye. While it doesn’t usually lead to blindness, it can cause significant discomfort for affected dogs and often requires surgical correction.
At Animal Eye Services, we help breeders understand the causes of entropion and the importance of reducing its occurrence in breeding programs.
What Causes Entropion?
Entropion can result from several factors, including:
Excess Skin: Too much skin around the eyes, causing the eyelid to roll inward.
Oversized Eyelid Margins: Eyelids that are too large for the size of the eyeball.
Ligament Tension: Suspected issues with the lateral canthal ligament (where the upper and lower eyelids meet) pulling the eyelid inward at the outer edge.
Certain breeds are more predisposed to entropion due to their conformation, making it an important consideration for breeders.
Why Is Entropion a Concern?
While entropion doesn’t typically cause blindness, it can lead to:
Chronic Discomfort: Irritation from inward-rolling eyelids.
Corneal Damage: Prolonged irritation can cause corneal ulcers or other complications.
Costly Surgical Corrections: Surgery is often required to correct the condition, which can be a significant burden for owners.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we provide expert evaluations to identify entropion and other conformational eye issues. Eye certification can help breeders make informed decisions to reduce the risk of passing on these traits, improving the overall health and comfort of future generations.
If you’re concerned about entropion in your breeding program or your dog, contact us to schedule a consultation.
Understanding Distichiasis in Dogs
Distichiasis is a condition where abnormal hairs grow from the eyelid margin, often causing irritation and discomfort for the dog. These hairs arise from the meibomian glands, which are normally responsible for producing the lipid layer of the tear film and do not typically contain hair-producing cells.
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to help breeders understand distichiasis and its impact on breeding programs and eye health.
What Causes Distichiasis?
Distichiasis occurs due to abnormal development during the embryonic stage, where hair-producing cells form in the meibomian glands. These abnormal hairs can vary in texture and severity of impact:
Stiff Hairs: Common in breeds like Staffordshire Bull Terriers, these hairs can cause significant discomfort, leading to chronic eyelid spasms and, in some cases, secondary entropion.
Fine Hairs: Seen in breeds like American Cocker Spaniels, these hairs may cause less irritation but can still stimulate excessive tearing.
Signs of Distichiasis
Common signs include:
Watery discharge from the eyes.
Signs of discomfort, such as blinking or squinting.
Secondary issues like eyelid spasms or entropion in severe cases.
Why Is Distichiasis a Concern for Breeders?
While the severity of distichiasis varies, it can lead to chronic discomfort or secondary complications that require medical or surgical management. Responsible breeding practices can help reduce the prevalence of this condition and improve the quality of life for future generations.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we offer expert evaluations and eye certification to identify distichiasis and other hereditary eye conditions. By understanding the risks and identifying affected dogs, breeders can make informed decisions to reduce the incidence of distichiasis in their breeding lines.
If you’re concerned about distichiasis in your breeding program, contact us to schedule a consultation.
Understanding Persistent Pupillary Membranes (PPMs) in Dogs
During eye development, the pupillary membrane is a temporary embryonic tissue that fills the front (anterior) chamber of the eye. As the eye matures, this tissue typically disappears, allowing the pupil to form. However, in some cases, remnants of this membrane persist as fine strands in the eye.
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to help breeders understand PPMs, their heritability, and their potential impact on vision and breeding decisions.
What Are PPMs?
Persistent Pupillary Membranes (PPMs) are remnants of the embryonic pupillary membrane that fail to fully disappear. These strands may:
Bridge across the iris.
Extend from the iris to the lens.
Stretch from the iris to the cornea.
Are PPMs Heritable?
In some breeds, such as the Basenji and English Mastiff, PPMs are known to have a genetic basis. In most other breeds, the heritability is unclear.
Do PPMs Affect Vision?
PPMs rarely cause vision problems unless:
The strands lead to significant opacification of the lens or cornea.
Extensive tissue remains, obstructing normal vision.
For most dogs, PPMs are a benign condition and do not require intervention.
Breeding Recommendations
In most cases, PPMs are considered a breeder’s option condition, meaning it is up to the breeder to decide whether to breed a dog with PPMs. Responsible breeding practices can help reduce the prevalence of hereditary PPMs in breeds where the condition is known to be genetic.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, our experienced team can identify and evaluate PPMs as part of a comprehensive eye certification. If you’re concerned about PPMs in your breeding program, we can provide expert advice to help you make informed decisions.
For more information or to schedule an eye certification, contact us today.
Understanding Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous (PHPV) in Dogs
The vitreous is a clear, jelly-like substance that fills the posterior chamber of the eye, located between the lens and the retina. During eye development, the primary vitreous forms a network of blood vessels that eventually disappear before birth. However, in some cases, these vessels fail to degenerate, leading to a condition known as Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous (PHPV).
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to provide breeders with the knowledge needed to understand PHPV and its implications for breeding and eye health.
What Is PHPV?
PHPV occurs when blood vessels that normally support the developing lens fail to degenerate before birth. This results in:
A large vascular plaque over the back surface of the lens.
Potential vision problems due to the abnormal structure interfering with normal eye function.
Is PHPV Heritable?
PHPV is suspected to be hereditary, particularly in breeds such as:
English Staffordshire Bull Terriers
Dobermans (where the condition was first described)
Responsible breeding practices can help reduce the prevalence of this condition in affected breeds.
Does PHPV Affect Vision?
The severity of PHPV varies:
Mild Cases: May have minimal impact on vision.
Severe Cases: Can cause significant vision impairment but are often operable to restore vision.
Risks and Treatment
Surgical intervention is typically effective in restoring vision; however:
The surgery carries a risk of hemorrhage within the eye due to the vascular nature of the condition.
Each case is assessed individually to determine the best course of action.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we specialize in diagnosing and managing conditions like PHPV. Eye certification can identify this condition early, allowing breeders to make informed decisions to minimize its impact on future generations.
If you’re concerned about PHPV in your breeding program, contact us to schedule a consultation.
Advances in Genetic Testing for Inherited Eye Diseases
Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in identifying the genetic mutations responsible for inherited eye diseases in dogs. This research has been driven by leading institutions like the Baker Institute for Animal Health at Cornell University in the USA, and more recently, the Animal Health Trust and Cambridge University in the UK.
At Animal Eye Services, we’re here to help breeders navigate these advancements and leverage DNA testing to improve the health of future generations.
How Genetic Testing Works
DNA testing identifies specific genetic mutations linked to inherited eye diseases, allowing breeders to:
Detect affected individuals and carriers early.
Make informed breeding decisions to reduce the prevalence of these conditions.
Tests for many of these mutations are now widely available, thanks to organizations like:
Optigen: The commercial arm of the Baker Institute.
Animal Health Trust: A leading UK institution in genetic research.
Local Access to DNA Testing
Previously, breeders had to send DNA samples overseas for testing. Now, these tests are available locally through Genetic Technologies Ltd, a Melbourne-based company, making the process faster and more convenient for Australian breeders.
Why Genetic Testing Matters
For breeders, genetic testing is a powerful tool to:
Support responsible breeding practices.
Protect the vision and well-being of future generations.
Reduce the prevalence of inherited eye diseases in at-risk breeds.
How We Can Help
At Animal Eye Services, we work closely with breeders to provide guidance on genetic testing and its role in managing inherited eye diseases. If you’re looking to incorporate genetic testing into your breeding program or need support understanding test results, contact us for expert advice.
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